Cardiometabolic risk assessment: A school-based study in Brazilian adolescent.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Recently, new indices combining routine and low-cost anthropometric and biochemical measurements have emerged. Among them, the visceral adiposity index (VAI) and lipid accumulation product (LAP) are being investigated for the prediction of altered blood pressure (BP) and insulin resistance (IR). Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate whether visceral adiposity index (VAI) and height-corrected lipid accumulation product (HLAP) are predictors of cardiometabolic risk in Brazilian adolescents. METHODS AND RESULTS: Data were obtained from the Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents (ERICA) study, a cross-sectional, national, multicenter, school-based survey conducted between 2013 and 2014 in Brazil. The sample consisted of 37,815 adolescents aged 12-17 years of both genders attending the last 3 years of elementary or secondary school from public and private schools located in 273 municipalities with more than 100,000 inhabitants. A Poisson regression was performed to verify associations between VAI and HLAP indices and the presence of altered BP and IR according to sex. In addition, receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was applied to compare the predictive ability and determine the cut-off points of the VAI and HLAP indices in identifying cardiometabolic risk obtained by altered BP and IR. The prevalences of altered BP and IR were 24.49 % (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 23.14-25.87) and 24.22 % (95 % CI: 22.70-25.80), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The VAI and HLAP indices are good predictors of cardiometabolic risk in Brazilian adolescents. HLAP showed better performance in identifying insulin resistance in males.

Use of table sugar and non-caloric sweeteners in Brazil: associated factors and changes across a decade.

This study evaluated changes in the use of sweeteners over one decade and the relationship between socio-demographics, diet and weight status with the type of sweetener. Data came from the Brazilian National Dietary Surveys of 2008-2009 and 2017-2018, including ≥ 10-year-old individuals (n 32 749; n 44 744, respectively, after excluding pregnant and lactating women). The use of table sugar, non-caloric sweeteners (NCS), both or none was reported through a specific question. Food consumption was assessed using two non-consecutive food records (2008-2009) and 24-h recalls (2017-2018). For the last survey, means of energy, macro and micronutrient intake, food groups' contribution (%) to daily energy intake and age- and energy-adjusted nutrient intake were estimated according to the type of sweetener used. Differences in means and proportions across the categories of sweeteners used were evaluated based on the 95 % CI. All analyses were stratified by sex and considered sample design and weights. Over 10 years, the use of table sugar decreased by 8 %, while the habit of not using any sweetener increased almost three times, and the use of NCS remained stable. Larger reductions in the use of table sugar were observed in the highest income level and among men. Regardless of sex, compared with NCS users, table sugar users had greater mean intake of energy, carbohydrates and added sugar and lower micronutrient intake means. Although table sugar is still the most used sweetener, the increased choice of 'no sweetener' is noteworthy in Brazil.

Dietary patterns and biochemical markers related to diabetes mellitus: an association analysis based on data from the Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents (ERICA).

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between dietary patterns and biochemical markers related to diabetes mellitus (DM): glucose, insulin, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index from 35 454 Brazilian adolescents 12 to 17 y of age. METHODS: Dietary patterns were derived using factor analysis by the principal components method. The data originated from the school-based study ERICA (Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents) carried out between 2013 and 2014. Linear regression models analyzed the associations. RESULTS: Three dietary patterns were found: traditional Brazilian, bread and coffee, and Western. An inverse association was found in young girls between the traditional Brazilian pattern and fasting glucose (ß = -0.76; P = 0.005) and HbA1c in the second and third tertiles (ß = -0.04; P = 0.002; ß = -0 .06; P < 0.001), and the Western pattern with HbA1c (ß = -0.02; P = 0.035). In boys, a positive association was found between the second tertile of the dietary pattern and insulin (ß = 0.48; P = 0.009) and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index (ß = 0.11; P = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that the traditional Brazilian pattern was inversely associated with blood glucose and HbA1c values in girls. Furthermore, the data suggest that there is an important difference between boys and girls in the association of dietary patterns and the markers used.

Dietary sodium intake remains high in Brazil: Data from the Brazilian National Dietary Surveys, 2008-2009 and 2017-2018.

Reducing salt intake is considered one of the most cost-effective interventions to decrease morbidity and mortality resulting from noncommunicable diseases. This study aimed to describe changes in sodium intake in the Brazilian population using data from the National Dietary Surveys (NDS) conducted in 2008-2009 and 2017-2018. We hypothesized that over the 10-year period evaluated, sodium intake has remained high in Brazil. Nationwide representative samples of 34,003 and 46,164 individuals (aged ≥10 years) from NDS 2008-2009 and 2017-2018, respectively, were evaluated. Food consumption data were obtained from 2 nonconsecutive food records (NDS 2008-2009) and two 24-hour food recalls (NDS 2017-2018). Trends, percentiles of distribution, and proportions of the population exceeding the age-specific tolerable upper intake level for sodium were estimated. Dietary sodium intake was also estimated as a function of energy intake (mg/1000 kcal). Overall, mean crude daily sodium intake was slightly lower in 2017-2018 than in 2008-2009 (2489 mg/d vs. 2529 mg/d). The decrease in sodium intake (mg/day) was statistically significant (P < .05) only among female adolescents and subjects in the highest income level. Additionally, an overall statistically significant increase in dietary sodium density was observed independent of age, sex, and income level for energy-adjusted data (P < .05). Our findings indicate that sodium intake has not significantly changed over time in the Brazilian population; thus, policies aimed at reducing sodium intake in Brazil are necessary.

Hexane extract from Spiranthera odoratissima A. St.-hil. leaves: chemical composition and its bioactive potential against Candida pathogenic species, Leishmania amazonensis and Xylella fastidiosa.

Spiranthera odoratissima A. St.-Hil. (Rutaceae) has been popularly used against abdominal pain and rheumatism. This study aimed at extracting hexane from S. odoratissima (HE-SO) leaves to identify and quantify its volatile compounds by GC-MS and GC-FID and to evaluate its antifungal, antileishmanial and antibacterial activities in vitro. HE-SO exhibited antileishmanial activity against promastigote forms of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis (IC50 = 38.16 µg/mL) and was moderately active against Xylella fastidiosa (MIC = 100 µg/mL). HE-SO also showed remarkable antifungal potential against six strains of Candida species, i. e., C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, C. krusei, C. tropicalis and C. orthopsilosis. The lowest MIC values were between 31.25 and 250 µg/mL. Spathulenol (20.2%), τ-cadinol (11.7%), α-cadinol (9.4%), caryophyllene oxide (9.2%) and isoaromadendrene epoxide (8.2%) were the major components identified in HE-SO. Therefore, results showed that HE-SO has promising antileishmanial and antifungal actions.

Selenium intake is not associated with the metabolic syndrome in Brazilian adolescents: an analysis of the Study of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adolescents.

Se reduces cellular inflammation and lipid peroxides; therefore, its association with CVD and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been studied. We aimed to investigate the association between Se intake and the MetS and its parameters (high waist circumference, hyperglycaemia, high blood pressure, high TAG and low HDL-cholesterol) in Brazilian adolescents between 12 and 17 years old. This research is part of the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA), a Brazilian nationwide school-based study with regional and national relevance. We assessed: (1) socio-demographic data (sex, age, type of school and maternal education) using a self-administered questionnaire; (2) dietary intake using a 24-h recall applied for the whole sample and a second one applied to a subsample to allow within-person variability adjustment; (3) anthropometric data (weight, height, waist circumference) and blood pressure using standardised procedures; and (4) biochemical analyses (fasting glucose, TAG and HDL-cholesterol). Logistic regression was applied, basing the analysis on a theoretical model. Median Se intake was 98·3 µg/d. Hypertension and hyperglycaemia were more prevalent among boys, while a high waist circumference was more frequent in girls, and low HDL-cholesterol levels were higher among private school students. The prevalence of the MetS was 2·6 %. No association between the MetS and its parameters and Se intake was found. This lack of association could be due to an adequate Se intake in the studied population.

Limitations in the comparison of the Brazilian National Dietary Surveys of 2008-2009 and 2017-2018.

OBJETIVE: To present particular characteristics of two Brazilian National Dietary Surveys (Inquéritos Nacionais de Alimentação - INA) and the methodology used to better compare their data. METHODS: This study details the differences between both INA conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) in 2008-2009 and 2017-2018. We present the alterations in data collecting methods and food composition tables as well as the analysis strategies recommended to obtain such data. A validation study with 95 participants of the third wave of the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health assessed the measurement error associated with the procedures adopted in the 24-hours dietary recall of INA 2017-2018. The reference standards were urinary protein recovery, sodium, and potassium biomarkers. Different strategies were used in the analysis of INA to compare two essential dietary items that had their collection method changed: fats and sugars. RESULTS: The validation study indicated lower underreport in the most recent survey with higher means of energy intake. The correlation of means for the 24-hours recalls with their respective biomarkers was 0.58 for proteins, 0.31 for potassium, and 0.30 for sodium. Comparing the food composition tables used in both surveys with the data obtained by INA 2008-2009, the mean variation of energy, macronutrients, and minerals was lower than 15%, except for trans fats and selenium, which had means 40% and 52% lower in the Tabela Brasileira de Composição de Alimentos (TBCA - Brazilian Food Composition Table). INA 2017-2018 presents lower means for added sugar, using a generic question about the frequency of sugar consumption as a measure for sugar as an additional item. CONCLUSION: The methodological changes promoted in the most recent INA enhanced food groups and nutrients intake estimation, adding detailed and specific data in dietary habits reports.

Most consumed foods in Brazil: evolution between 2008-2009 and 2017-2018.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the evolution of food consumption by the Brazilian population in 2008-2009 to 2017-2018. METHODS: Data from the National Dietary Surveys of 2008-2009 and 2017-2018 were used. Both surveys estimated food consumption of two non-consecutive days of individuals aged 10 years or older. The first survey collected consumption data from 34,003 individuals through food records; the second, obtained data from 46,164 individuals, through 24-hour recalls. The twenty most frequently reported food groups in the two surveys were identified. The probability of consumption of each food group in the two surveys was estimated according to sex, age and income. This study presents the foods that had a change in the frequency of consumption of 5% or higher between the two surveys. The probability of consumption was corrected for intra-individual variability using the method developed by the National Cancer Institute. RESULTS: Rice, beans, coffee, bread, vegetables and beef remained the staple Brazilian diet, ranking as the six most consumed items in both surveys. Ultra-processed foods such as sweet/stuffed cookies, savory cookies, processed meats and carbonated drinks also remained among the 20 most consumed foods. Trend analyses showed, regardless of gender, age and income range, a decrease in the consumption of rice, beans, beef, bread, fruit, milk and dairy, processed meats and carbonated drinks, and an increase in the consumption of sandwiches. CONCLUSION: The Brazilian diet is still characterized by consumption of traditional foods, such as rice and beans, and by high frequency of consumption of ultra-processed foods, such as cookies and carbonated drinks. However, between the years of 2008-2009 and 20172018, there was a decrease in the consumption of rice, beans, beef, bread, fruit, milk and dairy, processed meats and carbonated drinks, but an increase in the consumption of sandwiches. The results show a decrease in quality in the Brazilian diet.

[Eating away from home and biomarkers for chronic noncommunicable diseases in Brazilian adolescents]. / Alimentação fora de casa e biomarcadores de doenças crônicas em adolescentes brasileiros.

The study aimed to assess the relationship between food consumption away from home and alterations in biomarkers for chronic noncommunicable diseases in Brazilian adolescents. This cross-sectional study used data from the Study of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adolescents (ERICA), conducted in 36,956 adolescents in 2013/2014. The relationship between food consumption away from home and each target outcome (hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycemia, high glycated hemoglobin, and hyperinsulinemia) was tested with logistic regression models adjusted for age, school system (public versus private), physical activity, and screen time. Data on food consumption were obtained with a 24-hour diet recall (24HR), analyzing consumption of energy, added sugar, sodium, potassium, fiber, fruits, vegetables, rice, beans, sandwiches, cakes, dessert, chocolates, and sodas. The results showed that 53.2% of adolescents consumed foods away from home. Eating away from home showed an inverse relationship with hyperinsulinemia (OR = 0.65; 95%CI: 0.46-0.92) and hyperglycemia (OR = 0.46; 95%CI: 0.30-0.71) in boys and hypertension (OR = 0.71; 95%CI: 0.55-0.92) and hyperglycemia (OR = 0.57; 95%CI: 0.34-0.96) in girls. However, the consumption of calories, added sugar, sandwiches, desserts, and sodas was higher in adolescents that consumed foods away from home. The protective role of eating away from home, as measured by biochemical indicators in adolescents, may be a function of higher consumption of school meals, which was more frequent among adolescents that consumed food away from home, thus highlighting the importance of encouraging consumption of school meals.

Objetivou-se avaliar a relação entre o consumo de alimentos fora de casa e alterações em biomarcadores de doenças crônicas em adolescentes brasileiros. Trata-se de um estudo transversal em que foram utilizados os dados do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA), conduzido com 36.956 adolescentes, em 2013/2014. A relação entre consumir alimentos fora de casa e cada desfecho de interesse (hipertrigliceridemia, hipercolesterolemia, hiperglicemia, elevada hemoglobina glicada e hiperinsulinemia) foi testada por modelos de regressão logística ajustados por idade, rede de ensino da escola, atividade física e tempo de uso de telas. Dados de consumo alimentar foram obtidos pela aplicação do recordatório referente às 24h anteriores (R24h), analisando o consumo de energia, açúcar de adição, sódio, potássio, fibras, frutas, verduras, arroz, feijão, sanduíches, bolos, sobremesas, chocolates e refrigerantes. Foi encontrado que 53,2% dos adolescentes consumiam alimentos fora de casa. A alimentação fora de casa apresentou relação inversa com hiperinsulinemia (OR = 0,65; IC95%: 0,46-0,92) e hiperglicemia (OR = 0,46; IC95%: 0,30-0,71), entre meninos, e hipertensão (OR = 0,71; IC95%: 0,55-0,92) e hiperglicemia (OR = 0,57; IC95%: 0,34-0,96), entre meninas. Entretanto, o consumo de calorias, açúcar de adição, sanduíches, sobremesas e refrigerantes foi maior nos adolescentes que consumiam alimentos fora de casa. O papel protetor da alimentação fora de casa em indicadores bioquímicos nos adolescentes pode ser em função de um maior consumo da alimentação escolar, mais frequente entre os adolescentes que consumiam alimentos fora de casa, destacando a importância do estímulo ao consumo da alimentação escolar.

El objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar la relación entre el consumo de alimentos fuera de casa y las alteraciones en biomarcadores de enfermedades crónicas en adolescentes brasileños. Se trata de un estudio transversal, en el que se utilizaron los datos del Estudio de Riesgos Cardiovasculares en Adolescentes (ERICA), realizado con 36.956 adolescentes, en 2013/2014. La relación entre consumir alimentos fuera de casa y cada resultado de interés (hipertrigliceridemia, hipercolesterolemia, hiperglucemia, elevada hemoglobina glicada e hiperinsulinemia) se probó mediante modelos de regresión logística ajustados por edad, red de enseñanza de la escuela, actividad física y tiempo de uso de pantallas. Se obtuvieron datos del consumo alimentario mediante la aplicación del recordatorio referente a las 24h anteriores (R24h), analizando el consumo de energía, azúcar añadido, sodio, potasio, fibras, frutas, verduras, arroz, frijoles, sándwiches, bizcochos, postres, chocolates y refrescos. Se encontró que un 53,2% de los adolescentes consumían alimentos fuera de casa. La alimentación fuera de casa presentó una relación inversa con la hiperinsulinemia (OR = 0,65; IC95%: 0,46-0,92) e hiperglicemia (OR = 0,46; IC95%: 0,30-0,71) entre chicos, e hipertensión (OR = 0,71; IC95%: 0,55-0,92) e hiperglicemia (OR = 0,57; IC95%: 0,34-0,96) entre chicas. Sin embargo, el consumo de calorías, azúcar añadido, sándwiches, postres y refrescos fue mayor en los adolescentes que consumían alimentos fuera de casa. El papel protector de la alimentación fuera de casa en indicadores bioquímicos en los adolescentes puede ser en función de un mayor consumo de merienda escolar, más frecuente entre los adolescentes que consumían alimentos fuera de casa, destacando la importancia del estímulo al consumo de la merienda escolar.

Skipping breakfast is associated with the presence of cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents: Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents - ERICA.

Breakfast is considered as the most important meal of the day. The habit of skipping this meal in adolescence tends to remain until adulthood and has been associated with cardiometabolic risk factors. The present study estimated the prevalence of skipping breakfast and its association with cardiometabolic risk factors. This is a cross-sectional study with data from the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA), with a nationally representative sample of 36 956 Brazilian adolescents, aged 12-17 years, enrolled in public and private schools. The outcomes were excess body weight (BMI), central obesity (waist circumference and waist:height ratio), lipid profile (total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and TAG) and glycidic profile (fasting glycaemia, fasting insulin and glycated Hb). The association between skipping breakfast and each outcome was estimated using multiple Poisson regression models (prevalence ratio (PR) and 95 % CI). Prevalence of skipping breakfast was 68·7 % and, after adjustments, it was associated with excess body weight (PR = 1·30; 95 % CI 1·18, 1·43), central obesity both by waist circumference (PR = 1·27; 95 % CI 1·00, 1·61) and by waist:height ratio (PR = 1·32; 95 % CI 1·13, 1·54) and high fasting glucose levels (PR = 1·54; 95 % CI 1·09, 2·18), fasting insulin (PR = 1·64; 95 % CI 1·21, 2·22), glycated Hb (PR = 1·16; 95 % CI 1·03, 1·31) and total cholesterol (PR = 1·14; 95 % CI 1·02, 1·27). Skipping breakfast was associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescence. In this context, the school environment is an ideal space to promote healthy eating habits, favouring the implementation of food and nutrition education activities to make adolescents aware of the importance of consuming breakfast daily.

Early consumption of ultra-processed foods among children under 2 years old in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the complementary food consumption according to the extent and purpose of food processing based on NOVA classification among children aged 6-24 months of Federal District, Brazil. DESIGN: We performed a cross-sectional study using a 24-h recall to estimate the daily energy intake and nutrients according to NOVA classification. We conducted a linear regression to assess the association between the processed and ultra-processed foods (UPF) energy intake and the daily energy intake from saturated fat, daily energy intake from total sugars and daily intake of sodium. SETTING: Federal District, Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: Five hundred and thirty-eight children aged between 6 and 24 months attended at Primary Health Care Units from March 2017 to March 2018. RESULTS: On average, children aged from 6 to 12 and from 12 to 24 months consumed 2393 and 4054 kJ/d, respectively, and processed and UPF represented one-third of dietary energy intake. Group 2 (processed and UPF) was higher carbohydrate contributors, and lower protein, fibre and most micronutrient contributors, when compared with Group 1 (unprocessed, minimally processed foods and processed culinary ingredients). In addition, the higher the energy intake from processed and UPF, the higher was the daily energy intake from saturated fat, daily energy intake from total sugar and daily intake of sodium. CONCLUSION: Children are being exposed early to processed and UPF and their share affect the diet's nutritional quality.

Most consumed foods in Brazil: evolution between 2008-2009 and 2017-2018 / Evolução dos alimentos mais consumidos no Brasil entre 2008-2009 e 2017-2018

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To describe the evolution of food consumption by the Brazilian population in 2008-2009 to 2017-2018. METHODS: Data from the National Dietary Surveys of 2008-2009 and 2017-2018 were used. Both surveys estimated food consumption of two non-consecutive days of individuals aged 10 years or older. The first survey collected consumption data from 34,003 individuals through food records; the second, obtained data from 46,164 individuals, through 24-hour recalls. The twenty most frequently reported food groups in the two surveys were identified. The probability of consumption of each food group in the two surveys was estimated according to sex, age and income. This study presents the foods that had a change in the frequency of consumption of 5% or higher between the two surveys. The probability of consumption was corrected for intra-individual variability using the method developed by the National Cancer Institute. RESULTS: Rice, beans, coffee, bread, vegetables and beef remained the staple Brazilian diet, ranking as the six most consumed items in both surveys. Ultra-processed foods such as sweet/stuffed cookies, savory cookies, processed meats and carbonated drinks also remained among the 20 most consumed foods. Trend analyses showed, regardless of gender, age and income range, a decrease in the consumption of rice, beans, beef, bread, fruit, milk and dairy, processed meats and carbonated drinks, and an increase in the consumption of sandwiches. CONCLUSION: The Brazilian diet is still characterized by consumption of traditional foods, such as rice and beans, and by high frequency of consumption of ultra-processed foods, such as cookies and carbonated drinks. However, between the years of 2008-2009 and 20172018, there was a decrease in the consumption of rice, beans, beef, bread, fruit, milk and dairy, processed meats and carbonated drinks, but an increase in the consumption of sandwiches. The results show a decrease in quality in the Brazilian diet.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Descrever a evolução do consumo alimentar da população brasileira de 2008-2009 a 2017-2018. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados dados dos Inquéritos Nacionais de Alimentação de 2008-2009 e 2017-2018, que estimaram o consumo alimentar de dois dias não consecutivos de indivíduos com 10 anos ou mais de idade. O primeiro inquérito colheu dados de consumo de 34.003 indivíduos por meio de registro alimentar; o segundo, de 46.164 indivíduos, por meio de recordatório de 24 horas. Identificaram-se os 20 grupos de alimentos mais frequentemente referidos nos dois inquéritos. A probabilidade de consumo de cada um dos grupos de alimentos nos dois inquéritos foi estimada segundo sexo, idade e renda. No presente estudo, são apresentados os alimentos que tiveram mudança igual ou superior a 5% na frequência de consumo entre os dois inquéritos. A probabilidade de consumo foi corrigida para a variabilidade intraindividual, utilizando método desenvolvido pelo National Cancer Institute. RESULTADOS: Arroz, feijão, café, pães, hortaliças e carne bovina permaneceram como base da alimentação dos brasileiros, sendo os seis itens mais consumidos em ambos os inquéritos. Alimentos ultraprocessados, como biscoitos doces/recheados, biscoitos salgados, carnes processadas e refrigerantes, também se mantiveram entre os 20 alimentos mais consumidos. As análises de tendência evidenciaram, independentemente de sexo, idade e faixa de renda, a diminuição do consumo de arroz, feijão, carne bovina, pães, frutas, laticínios, carnes processadas e refrigerantes, e o aumento da ingestão de sanduíches. CONCLUSÃO: A dieta do brasileiro permanece caracterizada pelo consumo de alimentos tradicionais, como arroz e feijão, e pela frequência elevada de ingestão de alimentos ultraprocessados, como biscoitos e refrigerantes. No entanto, entre os anos de 2008-2009 e 2017-2018, observou-se redução no consumo de arroz, feijão, carne bovina, pães, frutas, laticínios, carnes processadas e refrigerantes, mas aumento no consumo de sanduíches. Os resultados sinalizam piora na qualidade da alimentação do brasileiro.

Limitations in the comparison of the Brazilian National Dietary Surveys of 2008-2009 and 2017-2018 / Limitações na comparação dos Inquéritos Nacionais de Alimentação de 2008-2009 e 2017-2018

ABSTRACT OBJETIVE: To present particular characteristics of two Brazilian National Dietary Surveys (Inquéritos Nacionais de Alimentação - INA) and the methodology used to better compare their data. METHODS: This study details the differences between both INA conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) in 2008-2009 and 2017-2018. We present the alterations in data collecting methods and food composition tables as well as the analysis strategies recommended to obtain such data. A validation study with 95 participants of the third wave of the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health assessed the measurement error associated with the procedures adopted in the 24-hours dietary recall of INA 2017-2018. The reference standards were urinary protein recovery, sodium, and potassium biomarkers. Different strategies were used in the analysis of INA to compare two essential dietary items that had their collection method changed: fats and sugars. RESULTS: The validation study indicated lower underreport in the most recent survey with higher means of energy intake. The correlation of means for the 24-hours recalls with their respective biomarkers was 0.58 for proteins, 0.31 for potassium, and 0.30 for sodium. Comparing the food composition tables used in both surveys with the data obtained by INA 2008-2009, the mean variation of energy, macronutrients, and minerals was lower than 15%, except for trans fats and selenium, which had means 40% and 52% lower in the Tabela Brasileira de Composição de Alimentos (TBCA - Brazilian Food Composition Table). INA 2017-2018 presents lower means for added sugar, using a generic question about the frequency of sugar consumption as a measure for sugar as an additional item. CONCLUSION: The methodological changes promoted in the most recent INA enhanced food groups and nutrients intake estimation, adding detailed and specific data in dietary habits reports.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Apresentar particularidades dos dois Inquéritos Nacionais de Alimentação (INA) e o processo metodológico empregado para comparação dos dados. MÉTODOS: O estudo detalha as diferenças entre os INA realizados pelo IBGE em 2008-2009 e em 2017-2018, apresentando as alterações nos métodos de coleta de dados e nas tabelas de composição dos alimentos, assim como as estratégias de análise recomendadas para comparação dos dados. Um estudo de validação foi realizado com 95 participantes da terceira onda do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto a fim de avaliar o erro de medição associado aos procedimentos adotados nos recordatórios de 24 horas do INA 2017-2018. Empregaram-se biomarcadores de recuperação urinária de proteínas, sódio e potássio como padrões de referência. Na análise dos INA, diferentes estratégias foram elaboradas para comparar dois itens importantes do consumo alimentar que sofreram mudanças na forma de coleta: as gorduras e os açúcares. RESULTADOS: O estudo de validação do instrumento indicou menor sub-relato no inquérito mais recente, com maiores médias de ingestão de energia. A correlação das medidas dos recordatórios de 24 horas com os respectivos biomarcadores foi de 0,58 para proteínas, 0,31 para potássio e 0,30 para sódio. Comparando as tabelas de composição utilizadas nos dois inquéritos com os dados obtidos no INA 2008-2009, a variação média de energia, macronutrientes e minerais foi menor que 15%, com exceção das gorduras trans e selênio, com médias 40% e 52% menores na TBCA. No INA 2017-2018, as médias do consumo de açúcar de adição foram menores, usando a informação do açúcar reportado como item de adição comparada com a pergunta genérica sobre a frequência do uso do açúcar. CONCLUSÃO: As mudanças metodológicas incluídas no INA atual permitiram aprimorar as estimativas de consumo de grupos de alimentos e nutrientes, acrescentando informações mais detalhadas e específicas aos relatos do consumo alimentar.

Alimentação fora de casa e biomarcadores de doenças crônicas em adolescentes brasileiros / Eating away from home and biomarkers for chronic noncommunicable diseases in Brazilian adolescents / Alimentación fuera de casa y biomarcadores de enfermedades crónicas en adolescentes brasileños

Objetivou-se avaliar a relação entre o consumo de alimentos fora de casa e alterações em biomarcadores de doenças crônicas em adolescentes brasileiros. Trata-se de um estudo transversal em que foram utilizados os dados do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA), conduzido com 36.956 adolescentes, em 2013/2014. A relação entre consumir alimentos fora de casa e cada desfecho de interesse (hipertrigliceridemia, hipercolesterolemia, hiperglicemia, elevada hemoglobina glicada e hiperinsulinemia) foi testada por modelos de regressão logística ajustados por idade, rede de ensino da escola, atividade física e tempo de uso de telas. Dados de consumo alimentar foram obtidos pela aplicação do recordatório referente às 24h anteriores (R24h), analisando o consumo de energia, açúcar de adição, sódio, potássio, fibras, frutas, verduras, arroz, feijão, sanduíches, bolos, sobremesas, chocolates e refrigerantes. Foi encontrado que 53,2% dos adolescentes consumiam alimentos fora de casa. A alimentação fora de casa apresentou relação inversa com hiperinsulinemia (OR = 0,65; IC95%: 0,46-0,92) e hiperglicemia (OR = 0,46; IC95%: 0,30-0,71), entre meninos, e hipertensão (OR = 0,71; IC95%: 0,55-0,92) e hiperglicemia (OR = 0,57; IC95%: 0,34-0,96), entre meninas. Entretanto, o consumo de calorias, açúcar de adição, sanduíches, sobremesas e refrigerantes foi maior nos adolescentes que consumiam alimentos fora de casa. O papel protetor da alimentação fora de casa em indicadores bioquímicos nos adolescentes pode ser em função de um maior consumo da alimentação escolar, mais frequente entre os adolescentes que consumiam alimentos fora de casa, destacando a importância do estímulo ao consumo da alimentação escolar.

The study aimed to assess the relationship between food consumption away from home and alterations in biomarkers for chronic noncommunicable diseases in Brazilian adolescents. This cross-sectional study used data from the Study of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adolescents (ERICA), conducted in 36,956 adolescents in 2013/2014. The relationship between food consumption away from home and each target outcome (hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycemia, high glycated hemoglobin, and hyperinsulinemia) was tested with logistic regression models adjusted for age, school system (public versus private), physical activity, and screen time. Data on food consumption were obtained with a 24-hour diet recall (24HR), analyzing consumption of energy, added sugar, sodium, potassium, fiber, fruits, vegetables, rice, beans, sandwiches, cakes, dessert, chocolates, and sodas. The results showed that 53.2% of adolescents consumed foods away from home. Eating away from home showed an inverse relationship with hyperinsulinemia (OR = 0.65; 95%CI: 0.46-0.92) and hyperglycemia (OR = 0.46; 95%CI: 0.30-0.71) in boys and hypertension (OR = 0.71; 95%CI: 0.55-0.92) and hyperglycemia (OR = 0.57; 95%CI: 0.34-0.96) in girls. However, the consumption of calories, added sugar, sandwiches, desserts, and sodas was higher in adolescents that consumed foods away from home. The protective role of eating away from home, as measured by biochemical indicators in adolescents, may be a function of higher consumption of school meals, which was more frequent among adolescents that consumed food away from home, thus highlighting the importance of encouraging consumption of school meals.

El objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar la relación entre el consumo de alimentos fuera de casa y las alteraciones en biomarcadores de enfermedades crónicas en adolescentes brasileños. Se trata de un estudio transversal, en el que se utilizaron los datos del Estudio de Riesgos Cardiovasculares en Adolescentes (ERICA), realizado con 36.956 adolescentes, en 2013/2014. La relación entre consumir alimentos fuera de casa y cada resultado de interés (hipertrigliceridemia, hipercolesterolemia, hiperglucemia, elevada hemoglobina glicada e hiperinsulinemia) se probó mediante modelos de regresión logística ajustados por edad, red de enseñanza de la escuela, actividad física y tiempo de uso de pantallas. Se obtuvieron datos del consumo alimentario mediante la aplicación del recordatorio referente a las 24h anteriores (R24h), analizando el consumo de energía, azúcar añadido, sodio, potasio, fibras, frutas, verduras, arroz, frijoles, sándwiches, bizcochos, postres, chocolates y refrescos. Se encontró que un 53,2% de los adolescentes consumían alimentos fuera de casa. La alimentación fuera de casa presentó una relación inversa con la hiperinsulinemia (OR = 0,65; IC95%: 0,46-0,92) e hiperglicemia (OR = 0,46; IC95%: 0,30-0,71) entre chicos, e hipertensión (OR = 0,71; IC95%: 0,55-0,92) e hiperglicemia (OR = 0,57; IC95%: 0,34-0,96) entre chicas. Sin embargo, el consumo de calorías, azúcar añadido, sándwiches, postres y refrescos fue mayor en los adolescentes que consumían alimentos fuera de casa. El papel protector de la alimentación fuera de casa en indicadores bioquímicos en los adolescentes puede ser en función de un mayor consumo de merienda escolar, más frecuente entre los adolescentes que consumían alimentos fuera de casa, destacando la importancia del estímulo al consumo de la merienda escolar.

[A dietary approach to control hypertension: reflections on adherence to and possible impacts on public health]. / Abordagem dietética para controle da hipertensão: reflexões sobre adesão e possíveis impactos para a saúde coletiva.

The DASH (Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension) diet is considered a healthy eating standard and has been recommended for the control of arterial hypertension. The scope of this article was to review the scientific literature regarding the DASH diet and to verify the adherence to this food standard by the Brazilian population. An integrative review of the literature in the Medline/PubMed, SciELO and LILACS databases was conducted in English and Portuguese. The literature on the DASH diet is extensive. However, only four studies showing adherence to the DASH diet by the Brazilian population were found. Findings from this review show that the DASH diet represents a potentially accessible and applicable intervention, which could improve the health of the population. The studies differed in the methods of evaluation. The low adherence to the diet in the Brazilian population reveals the need for nutritional actions to deal with hypertension. Innovative strategies are called for to determine how best to minimize the barriers to dissemination and greater adherence to this healthy food standard. Food plans and flexible, non-restrictive, compatible guidelines with clear objectives directed towards gradual changes with frequent monitoring by a multiprofessional health team, are suggested.

A dieta DASH (Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension) é considerada um padrão alimentar saudável, sendo preconizada para o controle da hipertensão arterial. O objetivo do artigo foi revisar a literatura sobre a dieta DASH e verificar sua adesão pela população brasileira. Realizou-se revisão integrativa nas bases Medline/PubMed, SciELO e LILACS, nos idiomas inglês e português. A literatura sobre dieta DASH é extensa, entretanto quatro estudos mostrando a adesão pela população brasileira foram encontrados. A dieta DASH representa uma intervenção potencialmente acessível e aplicável que poderia melhorar a saúde da população. Os estudos diferiram entre si nos métodos de avaliação utilizados e a baixa adesão evidencia a necessidade de implementação de ações no âmbito da atenção nutricional ao hipertenso. Estratégias inovadoras serão necessárias para determinar a melhor forma de minimizar as barreiras para disseminação e adesão a esse padrão alimentar saudável. Sugere-se planos alimentares e orientações flexíveis, pouco restritivas, compatíveis, com objetivos claros, direcionados para mudanças graduais, com monitoramento frequente de equipe multiprofissional de saúde.

Abordagem dietética para controle da hipertensão: reflexões sobre adesão e possíveis impactos para a saúde coletiva / A dietary approach to control hypertension: reflections on adherence to and possible impacts on public health

Resumo A dieta DASH (Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension) é considerada um padrão alimentar saudável, sendo preconizada para o controle da hipertensão arterial. O objetivo do artigo foi revisar a literatura sobre a dieta DASH e verificar sua adesão pela população brasileira. Realizou-se revisão integrativa nas bases Medline/PubMed, SciELO e LILACS, nos idiomas inglês e português. A literatura sobre dieta DASH é extensa, entretanto quatro estudos mostrando a adesão pela população brasileira foram encontrados. A dieta DASH representa uma intervenção potencialmente acessível e aplicável que poderia melhorar a saúde da população. Os estudos diferiram entre si nos métodos de avaliação utilizados e a baixa adesão evidencia a necessidade de implementação de ações no âmbito da atenção nutricional ao hipertenso. Estratégias inovadoras serão necessárias para determinar a melhor forma de minimizar as barreiras para disseminação e adesão a esse padrão alimentar saudável. Sugere-se planos alimentares e orientações flexíveis, pouco restritivas, compatíveis, com objetivos claros, direcionados para mudanças graduais, com monitoramento frequente de equipe multiprofissional de saúde.

Abstract The DASH (Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension) diet is considered a healthy eating standard and has been recommended for the control of arterial hypertension. The scope of this article was to review the scientific literature regarding the DASH diet and to verify the adherence to this food standard by the Brazilian population. An integrative review of the literature in the Medline/PubMed, SciELO and LILACS databases was conducted in English and Portuguese. The literature on the DASH diet is extensive. However, only four studies showing adherence to the DASH diet by the Brazilian population were found. Findings from this review show that the DASH diet represents a potentially accessible and applicable intervention, which could improve the health of the population. The studies differed in the methods of evaluation. The low adherence to the diet in the Brazilian population reveals the need for nutritional actions to deal with hypertension. Innovative strategies are called for to determine how best to minimize the barriers to dissemination and greater adherence to this healthy food standard. Food plans and flexible, non-restrictive, compatible guidelines with clear objectives directed towards gradual changes with frequent monitoring by a multiprofessional health team, are suggested.

Phytochemical screening of extracts from Spiranthera odoratissima A. St.-Hil. (Rutaceae) leaves and their in vitroantioxidant and anti-Listeria monocytogenes activities

Spiranthera odoratissima A. St.-Hil (Rutaceae), a shrub whose common name is manacá do Cerrado in Brazilian Portuguese, is about 1-m high and has been used by folk medicine to treat stomachache, kidney and liver infections, headache, rheumatism and as a blood purifier. This study aimed at preparing hexane, ethyl acetate, methanolic, hydroethanolic and aqueous extracts from S. odoratissima leaves, at carrying out preliminary phytochemical screening and at evaluating their in vitroantioxidant and anti-Listeria monocytogenesactivities. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2-azinobis-3-ethybenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) methods. Antibacterial activity was investigated against L. monocytogenesand Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values of plant extracts were calculated by the broth microdilution method with the use of 96-well plates. In aqueous, methanolic, hydroethanolic, ethyl acetate and hexane extracts from S. odoratissima leaves, the following classes of compounds were investigated: organic acids, reducing sugars, flavonoids, saponin compounds, coumarin compounds, phenolics, tannins, purine compounds, catechins, flavonol derivatives, sesquiterpene lactonesand anthraquinones. All plant extracts, except the hexane one, exhibited high antioxidant activity. Regarding antibacterial activity, the most polar extracts showed high activity against L. monocytogenes; their MIC values ranged between 12.5 and 62.5 μg mL-1, while the hexane one exhibited low activity (MIC = 1000 μgmL-1). In short, extracts from S. odoratissima leaves may be consideredpromising sources of secondary metabolites with relevant antioxidant and antibacterial activities.

Socio-Economic and Racial profile of Medical Students from a Public University in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil / Perfil Socioeconômico e Racial de Estudantes de Medicina em uma Universidade Pública do Rio de Janeiro

Abstract: Introduction: There are still many economic and racial barriers for black and indigenous peoples regarding access to a university degree in Brazil. Although Brazil is mistakenly considered a racial democracy, black people, indigenous peoples and those of low social status are the most affected by such difficulties regarding access to the university. Medical schools are traditionally attended by white, wealthy and upper-middle-class groups, although 54% of Brazilians consider themselves to be African descendants. To deal with this scenario, since 2013, 50% of all vacancies in public universities have been reserved for low social classes, indigenous peoples and African descendants. Our objective was to describe the socioeconomic and racial profile of those attending a public medical school in the state of Rio de Janeiro during a five-year period, analyzing the associations between the Brazilian segregationist structure and inclusion policies. Method: A census study was carried out, including all groups that entered the medical school at a public university in the state of Rio de Janeiro between 2013 and 2017. We applied a self-administered questionnaire that addressed social, ethnic, economic and university admission aspects. The data were analyzed by a simple description of the frequencies and by bivariate analysis. Results: The results show that the majority profile is white, with an annual income higher than US$ 8,640, coming from a private school, with financial support from the family, both parents with higher education and no gender difference. As for the inclusion of non-white people into the course, the current quota system has not significantly increased their presence. Conclusion: We conclude that racial inclusion policies subordinated to economic ones seem to be a barrier to the entry of non-whites to medical school, contributing to racial inequality.

Resumo: Introdução: O Brasil continua sendo um país onde persistem muitas barreiras socioeconômicas e raciais para acesso à formação médica. Ainda que o Brasil seja equivocadamente considerado uma democracia racial, pessoas negras, povos indígenas e aqueles de baixo status social são os mais afetados por tais dificuldades de acesso à universidade. As faculdades de Medicina são tradicionalmente ocupadas por grupos brancos, ricos e de classe média alta, embora 54% dos brasileiros se considerem afro-brasileiros. Para lidar com esse cenário, há, desde 2013, a reserva de 50% de todas as vagas em universidades públicas para baixa classe social, povos indígenas e pessoas negras. Nosso objetivo foi descrever o perfil socioeconômico e racial dos ingressantes de uma faculdade de Medicina da Região Sudeste ao longo de cinco anos, analisando as relações entre a estrutura segregacionista brasileira e as políticas de inclusão. Método: Um estudo censitário foi realizado abrangendo todos os grupos que entraram entre 2013 e 2017 na Faculdade de Medicina de uma universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Optamos por aplicar um questionário autoadministrado que aborda aspectos sociais, raciais, econômicos e de admissão em universidades. Os dados foram analisados por uma descrição simples das frequências e por análise bivariada. Resultados: Constatou-se que o perfil majoritário é branco, com renda anual superior a US$ 8.640, proveniente de escola particular, com apoio financeiro da família, ambos os pais com ensino superior e sem diferença de gênero. Quanto à inserção de pessoas não brancas no curso, o atual sistema de cotas não aumentou significativamente a presença dessas pessoas. Conclusão: Políticas de inclusão racial subordinadas à econômica parecem ser uma barreira à entrada de não brancos na Faculdade de Medicina, o que contribui para a desigualdade racial.

Usual intake and dietary sources of Selenium in adolescents: A cross-sectional school-based study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Selenium is a mineral that constitutes selenoproteins and, therefore, has been studied, especially in cardiovascular diseases. Some risk factors for the development of these diseases, such as obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia, have been observed early in life, including in childhood and adolescence, and food and nutrient intake is an important associated factor for their development. The aim of this study was to assess usual intake of selenium (Se) and dietary inadequacies regarding the consumption of this mineral, and to identify the main dietary sources of Se among 12-17 year-old Brazilian adolescents. METHODS: Data from the Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents, performed countrywide in the years 2013 and 2014, were used to estimate inadequate Se dietary intake. The National Cancer Institute's method was used, considering two days of 24 h dietary recall (24hR). The contribution of each food group to the total intake of Se was determined using a single 24hR, and was defined as a ratio between the total intake of Se and the percentage of Se in each food group, until reaching 95%. Food mentioned by adolescents were categorized into 39 food groups, according to macronutrient similarities. RESULTS: Data from 76,957 adolescents aged from 12-17 years (49.7% girls) from public and private schools were assessed. Selenium intake was according to recommendation levels. Mean Se intake ranged from 84.3 to 105.9 µg among sex and age groups. Considering the whole sample, meat, pasta, poultry, and fish were the food groups that contributed with the greatest amount of Se (representing 57.9% of total Se). Brazil nuts are consumed in bigger quantity only by 14-17 year-old girls, contributing to 1.6% of the Se in their diets. CONCLUSION: Brazilian adolescents have an adequate Se intake because of the high consumption of meat, pasta, and poultry. Although Brazil nuts are the most important dietary source of Se, adolescents consume them in very small amounts, leading to a small contribution in the total intake.